9.1 Wavefunction of
Universe
The application of
Quantum Theory to
Cosmology is a logical
extension. Quantum
Mechanics was originally
developed for atomic
particles. Since
particles in a system
can be represented by a
wave function, it
follows that we can
indeed have
wavefunctions and states
for conglomeration of
particles. Success of
this was rigorously
developed in the
solution of Hydrogen
atom. Thus it can be
extended even to the
universe or universes.
It assumes that the
whole cosmos could be
represented by a
wavefunction from which
all information
regarding it can be
obtained. While the
idea is good it was not
easy to get there
mathematically.
Feynman
had developed his Path
Integral Techniques to
reduce the labor of
cumbersome evaluation
of long integrals.
This technique was
borrowed by
cosmologists to evaluate
otherwise difficult
Cosmological integrals.
This method is known as
`sum over histories'.
In practice however we
can restrict the number
of such integrals to a
reasonable level because
most of the integrals
will cancel each other’s
contribution. The path
integral can be
calculated by just
considering a few
geometries that give a
particularly large
contribution. These are
known as instantons.
Selecting these
instantons are a
problem. Depending on
the choice of instantons
we have differing models
of the universe. We
have essentially three
types of choices.
1. A flat universe. This
is the usual
three-dimensional space
and time that are
independent of each
other – the world we
know of
2. A closed Universe.
Here the space-time
forms a four-dimensional
closed system. The
volume is finite but the
surface are has
boundaries - a sphere is
a three dimensional
closed universe.
The
unique 4-dimensional
space with constant
positive curvature is a
4-dimensional sphere.
The cosmological
scenario where space has
positive constant
curvature is called a
closed Universe. In this
space-time, space
expands from zero volume
in a Big Bang but then
reaches a maximum volume
and starts to contract
back to zero volume in a
Big Crunch.
We
extend this into four
dimensions to have the
idea of a closed
Universe. Just as the
area of the surface is
finite but the surface
has no boundaries the
four-dimensional sphere
has a finite volume but
no boundaries.
3. An open Universe
Here the space and time
have no limits .
Astronomical evidence
seems to point to this
final option.
9.2
Stephen Hawking's
Universe
as a Quantum Particle (Hawking/Hartle
theory)
"The Ontological
Interpretation of the
Wave Function of the
Universe'. by Quentin
Smith, The Monist,
vol. 80, no.1, pp,
160-185, Copyright 1997,
THE MONIST, La Salle.
Illinois 61301.
http://www.qsmithwmu.com/the_ontological_interpretation_of_the_wave_function_of_the_universe.htm
Hawking's idea was to
treat the entire
universe as though it
were a quantum object.
Since the universe
started as a point by
virtue of its creation
we have an entangled
system and we should
expect that the system
could be represented by
a wave function.
Hawkins idea is to treat
it as a particle or
rather as a soap bubbles
floating in space. It
is possible that we have
several other parallel
universes in existence.
We therefore have a
set of all possible
universes probably
infinite in number.
If We certainly know
that there is a high
probability density for
the position of our
universe. If we assume
that the probability of
existence of other
universes are less we
will get a state
function of the form:
Then there is a finite
possibility that there
exist other universes
However it is possible
that there are others
with equal probability.
We should expect them
similar to the soap
bubbles that float
around with
possibilities or
coalescing together or
splitting apart and
other dynamics. Apart
from inter-universal
tunneling possibility
the gravitational nature
of black holes and white
holes will mean
The Hawking/Hartle
theory also postulates
the possibility of the
existence of wormholes
connecting the different
universes.
.
It would then follow
that there can a
possibility of
inter-universal
tunneling for
personalities from one
universe into the
other. It is also
possible then for a
supermind to impose
potential wells over any
of the universe to
constrain it – a sort of
quarantining the
universe for some time
and allow a selective
transmission. Since
this is highly
conjectural I will not
precede any further.
But the implications of
the reality of such
possibility are
tremendous. If there
are other universes, the
nonlocality principle
assures us that we have
a connection with them
as well. What other
dimensions are there in
the universe. Can we
jump dimensions by some
tunneling process? Can
we build such tunnels?
These have tremendous
theological
implications.
9.3 Fine Tuning and The
Weak Anthropic Principle
“The observed values of
all physical and
cosmological quantities
are not equally
probable, but they take
on values restricted by
the requirement that
there exist sites where
carbon-based life can
evolve and by the
requirement that the
Universe be old enough
for it to have already
done so. “
Barrow, John and Tipler,
Frank (1986): The
Anthropic Cosmological
Principle.
Clarendon Press.
Statistically, the
chance for obtaining a
definite macro-world out
of the quantum realm is
practically zero, and so
is the chance for
setting up the initial
condition of the Big
Bang to match the
Universe we live in --
the accuracy of
pinpointing our Universe
is one part in 101230
(Penrose
R. (1997) The Large,
the Small and the Human
Mind. Cambridge:
Cambridge University
Press.).
"The remarkable fact
is that the values of
these numbers (i.e. the
constants of physics)
seem to have been very
finely adjusted to make
possible the development
of life". "For example,"
Hawking writes, "if the
electric charge of the
electron had been only
slightly different,
stars would have been
unable to burn hydrogen
and helium, or else they
would not have exploded.
It seems clear that
there are relatively few
ranges of values for the
numbers (for the
constants) that would
allow for development of
any form of intelligent
life. Most sets of
values would give rise
to universes that,
although they might be
very beautiful, would
contain no one able to
wonder at that beauty.
…. a divine purpose
in Creation and the
choice of the laws of
science (by God)" p.
125).
Stephen Hawking "A
Brief History of Time
Thus there is ample
evidence to show that
the universe we live in
are fine tuned for human
existence.
"The
really amazing thing is
not that life on Earth
is balanced on a
knife-edge, but that the
entire universe is
balanced on a
knife-edge, and would be
total chaos if any of
the natural 'constants'
were off even slightly.
You see," Davies adds,
"even if you dismiss man
as a chance happening,
the fact remains that
the universe seems
unreasonably suited to
the existence of life --
almost contrived -- you
might say a 'put-up
job'."
Prof. Paul Davies,
Adelaide University
I should modify this a
little more to include
all carbon-based life
other than humans.
Human form seems to be
only one of the forms.
Scripture describes
three other forms along
with human form in the
universe.
Eze 10:14 And
every one had four
faces: the first face
was the face of the
cherub, and the second
face was the face of a
man, and the third the
face of a lion, and the
fourth the face of an
eagle.
Rev 4:7 the first
living creature like a
lion, the second living
creature like an ox, the
third living creature
with the face of a man,
and the fourth living
creature like a flying
eagle
It is quite possible
that these are real
beings and not just
symbolic who share this
universe with us or are
in other universes
similar to ours.
This world certainly
fits the need of human
life as we know of with
a human body of flesh.
Very often people seem
to assume that life and
consciousness are
dependent on the body.
The reality is that it
is the other way round.
The universe was created
by consciousness or
intelligence. It has
nothing to do with what
type of body the
consciousness inhabits.
Life is not produced by
evolution. Thus Brahman
has to be Pre-existent
or Co-existent with
Prakriti and never
created by evolutionary
process. We can of
course assume that
Consciousness is an
elementary particle of
Prakriti, which is only
a re-statement of the
coexistence
principle. It follows
that there may be
universes where life
exists and inhabits
other forms of bodies
in other dimensions. The
wavefunction for the
universe therefore
allows for such
probability peaks. The
only true statement we
can make is that the
universe where we live
is fine tuned to sustain
human life. Other
universes are fine tuned
for other forms of life
and intelligence.
We have also seen that
they allow for
inter-universe tunneling
or travel by wormholes.
It is possible to
separate beings based on
their choices. This
amply allows for the
existence of heaven and
hell as real universes.
The only documentation
for inter-universe
travel are found only in
religious scriptures and
if they can be trusted
there had been so many
visitors to this world
from other worlds.
These had been beings
with bodies vastly
different from ours.
Prophets and Sages of
the past have referred
to these bodies as
Spiritual Bodies, Astral
Bodies , etc.
1Co
15:39 For not
all flesh is alike, but
there is one kind for
men, another for
animals, another for
birds, and another for
fish.
1Co 15:40
There are celestial
bodies and there are
terrestrial bodies; but
the glory of the
celestial is one, and
the glory of the
terrestrial is another.
1Co 15:41
There is one glory of
the sun, and another
glory of the moon, and
another glory of the
stars; for star differs
from star in glory.
We should not be
surprised if we come
across such beings in
out daily life.
When Jesus declared:
Joh 14:2
In my Father's house
there are many abodes;
were it not so, I had
told you: for I go to
prepare you a place;
Joh 14:3
and if I go and shall
prepare you a place, I
am coming again and
shall receive you to
myself, that where I am
ye also may be.
Rev 21:1 Then I saw a
new heaven and a new
earth. The first heaven
and the first earth
disappeared, and the sea
vanished
This new universe has
new laws:
Rev 21:4 “He will wipe
away all tears from
their eyes. There will
be no more death, no
more grief or crying or
pain. The old things
have disappeared."
The clear teaching of
the scripture is that
the present universe
where we live in is
brought to this state by
the willful creation of
human will imposed over
the creation of God.
Genesis
story repeated reminds
Adam and Eve that the
change in the universe
they live came into
existence “because of “
their action
Gen 3:17
And to Adam he (God)
said, "Because you have
listened to the voice
of your wife, and have
eaten of the tree of
which I commanded you,
'You shall not eat of
it,' cursed is the
ground because of you;
in toil you shall eat of
it all the days of your
life;
Gen 3:18
thorns and thistles it
shall bring forth to
you; and you shall eat
the plants of the
field.
Gen 3:19
In the sweat of your
face you shall eat
bread till you return
to the ground, for out
of it you were taken;
you are dust, and to
dust you shall return."
As a result the world as
we live today is a
decaying world.
Apparently this universe
was quarantined as a
result. This quarantine
order is inherent in the
mention of it in Jude
thus:
Jud 1:6 And the angels
that did not keep their
own position but left
their proper dwelling
have been kept by him in
eternal chains in the
nether gloom until the
judgment of the great
day;
These angels who
violated the quarantine
rules into the human
realms are now isolated
in another universe
without any wormholes or
connection to ours until
the judgment day.
Existence of these
universes were taken as
granted in the ancient
world.
9.4
Observer-Created or
Participatory Universe :
Strong
Anthropic Principle
The fine tuning of our
universe for human
existence indicates
strongly of a designer
God who created it for
that particular
purpose. An alternative
explanation was tried in
the Strong Anthropic
argument . In this
argument even though
there are all possible
potentialities in the
universal wavefunction,
only those that can the
universe appears
"designed" for life has
the potential for
conscious, self aware
mine which are needed
for the universe to
“concretize” or
“actualize” or collapse
the wavefunction to make
it come into existence.
There is however a
self-negating argument
in this approach. We
need an external actual
observer – not a
potential observer – to
collapse or actualize
the universe into
existence. Who is this
initial observer who
concretized our
universe?
9.5 The
Penrose-Hawking
Singularity Theorem
Cosmologists have
come up with the notion
of the Big Bang. Another
term for the Big Bang
would be The Creation
Moment. The ultimate “In
the Beginning”. See
Genesis 1:1. Right at
this moment time was
born. There was no
before this moment,
because there was no
time. According to
Stephen Hawking in "A
Brief History of Time"
St Augustine was asked
what God did before He
created the universe. St
Augustine replied that
time was a property of
the universe God
created, so there was no
before He created the
universe.
The singularity theorem
proved that a
"singularity" at time =
0 is inevitable so long
as gravity remains an
attractive force and at
this singularity the
fabric of space and time
becomes undefined,
non-existent. In 1976
while I was in the
Theoretical Physics
Center in Trieste,
Italy, an Indian
Bengalee Graduate
Student showed me his
solution to the
Einstien’s equation
which showed a
homogeneous symmetric
solution in space and a
non symmetric solution
in time. The
interpretation was
simple. There never was
a time before the
beginning of the Big
Bang t=0 singularity.
This universe was
created with time and
not in time. Questions
like where was God when
he created the universe
and what was he doing
are simply begging the
question. Any attempt
to picture God existing
in time is a
misunderstanding.
9.6 The Future of the
Universe
Personally, I’m sure
that the universe began
with a hot Big Bang. But
will it go on forever?
If not, how will it end?
I’m much less certain
about that. The
expansion of the
universe spreads
everything out, but
gravity tries to pull it
all back together again.
Our destiny depends on
which force will win.”
—STEPHEN HAWKING
The universe has been
expanding since the Big
Bang. Gravity is slowing
the rate of expansion.
There may be an unknown
repulsive force (the
"cosmological constant")
that is accelerating the
expansion since we have
evidence for an
expanding universe.
In 1920s, Edwin Hubble
presented evidence that
the universe was not
static, but expanding -
fabric of space itself
is expanding, stretching
like the surface of a
balloon. The volume of
the universe is
increasing.
There are two possible
futures for the
universe:
If there is enough
matter in the universe
gravity will stop this
present expansion
process and the
universe will start
contracting and will end
up in a Big Crunch - a
death by fire (heat
death)
If there is not
enough matter in the
universe expansion wins
and the universe will
expand forever. As it
expands the energy gets
dissipated and the
temperature decrease
until it reaches the
absolute zero of
temperature when
everything comes to a
stand still. We have a
freeze death.
“..we are driven back .
. . to God alone as the
basis of final hope, so
that our own and the
universe’s destiny
awaits a transforming
act of divine
redemption.”
-- John Polkinghorne
2Pe 3:7
But the present heaven
and the present earth
have been kept for
destruction by fire,
which is waiting for
them on the day of the
judging and destruction
of evil men.
2Pe 3:13 But having
faith in his word, we
are looking for a new
heaven and a new earth,
which will be the
resting-place of
righteousnes
In the heat death as the
Big Crunch leads to a
big black hole all
gathered information
will be lost and it is
possible to enter into a
new dimension through a
white hole that opens up
a new universe somewhere
else. It is not a
rebound universe but a
new creation.
Rev 21:1 And I saw a
new heaven and a new
earth: for the first
heaven and the first
earth were gone; and
there was no more sea.
Rev 21:2 And I saw the
holy town, new
Jerusalem, coming down
out of heaven from God,
like a bride made
beautiful for her
husband.
