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CHAPTER ELEVEN

Quantum Non-locality and Coherence


11.1    EPR Paradox

Our worldview assumes that cause effect relationships can exists only in proximity.  If before Newton most phenomena were explained by direct contact, the assumption of gravitational field – action at a distance without actual contact was a great step forward.  From then on we progressed to the phenomena electric field and magnetic field and so on through field propagation where something always travels and communicates to produce and effect.  Thus came the concept that events that are separated by time and space needs to be caused by some form of communication between two parts.  With the advent of Einstein’s theory of relativity it came to imply that no influence or meaningful communication could travel faster than the speed of light.

In 1935 Einstein, with his collaborators Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, published a paper now known as "the EPR paper" which listed three major objections to quantum mechanics. [ http://www.drchinese.com/David/EPR.pdf ]  One of the major problem was based on a situation where two particles which were essentially together so that they formed a system with a state  | a,b> .  If the two particles are then separated very far apart and if there is a change in one particles according to Quantum Mechanics it should affect the second particle instantaneously because they still form a coherent system and should be considered as one state |a’, b’>.  This spooky action at a distance violates all physical laws because no signals can travel faster than light according to relativity.

In a system where two particles were created by materialization of energy, if particle 1 has a spin of "up," particle 2 will have a spin of "down."  Conversely if particle 1 has a spin of "down," particle 2 will have a spin of "up."  to conserve the spin zero of the total system.  If after a period when the two particles are separated far, if the measure the spin of particle 1 we will be able to determine the spin of particle 2 absolutely. No matter how far apart is particle 2 from particle 1, Particle 2 will instantly respond to the state of particle 1, even if it is on the other side of the universe.

In 1964 John S Bell 9CERN laboratory in Geneva), proved a theorem which demonstrated that certain experimental tests could distinguish the predictions of quantum mechanics from those of any local hidden-variable theory.   In 1982 Alain Aspect performed this experiment in the University of Paris and proved that somehow the Particle 2 knew exactly what was the state of Particle 1 and responded to it.

At the instant we perform our measurement on particle 1, particle 2, which may be thousands of miles away, will acquire a definite spin -- "up" or "down" if we have chosen a vertical axis, "left" or "right" if we have chosen a horizontal axis. How does particle 2 know which axis we have chosen? There is no time for it to receive that information by any conventional signal. (Capra, 1982, p. 85).

"The two particles are, as it were, entangled with each other in a pure or coherent state."

Quantum non-locality proves that "particles that were once together in an interaction remain in some sense parts of a single system which responds together to further interactions" (Gribbin, 1984). Since the entire universe originated in a flash of light known as the Big Bang, the existence of quantum non-locality points toward a profound cosmological holism and suggests that

If everything that ever interacted in the Big Bang maintains its connection with everything it interacted with, then every particle in every star and galaxy that we can see "knows" about the existence of every other particle. (Gribbin, 1984).

Bell's result showed that EPR's assumption was mistaken. In 1989, Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger  (GHZ) sharpened Bell's results further by considering correlated states with 3 or more entangled particles. 

Thus quantum locality places a totally different worldview of the world we are living in.  It can no longer be considered isolated particles or beings.  We are a system taken as a whole. 

"That the guiding wave, in the general case, propagates not in ordinary three-space but in multidimensional-configuration space is the origin of the notorious 'nonlocality' of quantum mechanics...” John Bell

All of a sudden Physics is faced with the reality of a guiding potential beyond the four dimensions of space and time.  This reality is all encompassing to the extent that it cannot but be thought of as a unity – a coherent state as a whole, everything move and have their being in Him.

11.2  Holistic Theology

"We work as if the world could be dissected into small independent pieces. This is an illusion, because, as Bell's theorem shows, the entire world is interdependent. But there is no other way of working. (...) One may speculate whether, in a complete description of the whole Universe, including our brains, determinism would be restored." [Asher. Peres, "Existence of "Free Will" as a Problem of Physics", Found. Phys. 16(6) 573 (1986), p. 580].

In the Classical Newtonian Physics we use the concept of isolating a system as though it is an isolated universe and study its process.  This is the reductionist approach. This is the basic scientific method because that is the only way we can study our world.   Even in Newtonian Physics it was understood that the effect of assuming the isolation involved approximation.  Newtonian Physics was essentially macroscopic in nature and studied matter in bulk.  The effect of the extensive universe outside of the system could be reduced to infinitesimal by moving it far away.  Note that we are only making the effect infinitesimal.

11.3  The Consciousness of Ego and Separateness

Why does the world appear to consist of distinct objects occupying distinct

positions in a well-defined space-time? If nature is fundamentally a unity because of quantum entanglement, why is it possible to know something without knowing everything?  For this we need to look into the concept of wave packets and interference of waves.

In the wave mechanics or particles, every particle can be considered as a wave, which has a maximum around the point where the particle is considered to exist.  Nevertheless, the wave itself is infinite in extension.  In other words, every particle in the universe fills the cosmos. The appearance of localization comes in only with interference due to conglomeration. These are called wave packets.  When large number of waves of slightly different frequencies fall one on the other we get the localized waves, which can act as a particle.  These are sometimes called solitons.  In a non-dispersive media, they can live indefinitely long period without decay.  However, as they enter a dispersive media where the speed depends on the wavelength they begin to dissipate and die out.  This is a classical result.  Hence, we should not be surprised at the Wave Mechanical results in tallying with the Quantum Theory. 

 

A Wave packet is produced as a result of superposition of waves


Phaser diagram showing how coherent beans where  = 0 gives the maximum amplitude.

The consciousness that I am a separate independent being is caused by vibrations that are  our of phase with others.  This selfish individualism can go smooth as long as there is no conflict of interest.  Once that sets in, the brings forth gradual death and disappearance.  The cells in the human body do not compete for survival as do single celled animals. They have a steady supply of food and nearly ideal living conditions. The price they pay for this is to loose their freedom to reproduce independently of the needs of the body they are part of. As long as they live in harmony things go well and growth will take place. If they short circuit the safety system of DNA building, then they grow into cancer cells and they destroy the environment that gave them life.

However when there is coherence and resonance this feeling of I, YOU and HE will vanish and there will be a ONE - WE.  The concept of God as One God with many persons is Trinity Theology is based on this.

As we began to study atoms, subatomic matter and particles it became evident that there are dimensions of existence, which we cannot really isolate. Stronger and stronger forces come into play in the smaller dimensions. This is what led us to the holistic statement, which states that the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts and the whole cannot be fully understood in terms of its parts alone in the limited dimensions of our realm.   These dimensions extent not only in expanse (in spatial extent) but also in inspanse (in inner space).  This was the basis of the Hidden Variable Theories.

This is nothing new.  Spinoza, propounded that all the differences and apparent divisions we see in the world are really only aspects of an underlying single substance, which he called God or nature.  Quantum Field Theory follows this concept and tries to describe all existence as an excitation of the underlying quantum vacuum state. Hegel also held a similar view.  Marx in his dialectical materialism also held that new qualities came into existence due quantitative changes, which he attributed to the nature of matter. 

11.4  Macroscopic Quantum Coherence

 This  typically involves the spaciotemporal organization of the multiparticle system. (This is closely related to what is called 'Bose-Einstein condensation'.)

"What is quantum coherence? This refers to circumstances when large numbers of particles can collectively cooperate in a single quantum state..."
Roger Penrose

The term "coherence" connected with the non locality phenomena  opens up vistas of opportunities to explain things, which we have thought outside the purview of science.  

Many-particle states may exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence.  These have been shown to give rise to strange phenomena like super conductivity, super fluidity and lasers, which belies classical explanation.
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0103/0103293.pdf
http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/ketterle-symp.pdf
The coherence in these phenomena are related to the Bose-Einstein condensation.  Theoretically this is a phenomenon where bosons making up a substance merge into the lowest energy level, into a shared quantum state and acts as a coherent whole.  All particles become exactly alike and cannot be distinguished.  They have the same quantum numbers and same energies.  You cannot tell one from the other.

 There are two types of particles in Physics known as "bosons" and "fermions" .The dialectic between them describes all physical form. The whole scheme of quantum field theory (QFD) is based on how fermions interact by exchanging bosons. All force is mediated by exchange of (gauge) bosons. For example the electromagnetic force is mediated by exchange of photons, the strong force by exchange of gluons and the weak forces are mediated by exchange of W and Z bosons.

 The basic reason for this is the properties of bosons and fermions. : “Bosons are gregarious, and fermions are solitary.”  Bosons therefore prefer being together while fermions isolate themselves and pairs themselves if they are permitted.  When fermions pairs, they pairs with one that have opposite spins and the combination produces a  stable system of virtual boson.  It is this Cooper Pairs are composite bosons in Helium, which can cause condensation to   produce the superfluidity.

The First created united Adam thus represents the boson and the separated Adam and Eve pair represents the Fermion Cooper Pair.  While separated and acting as an independently the two produces de-coherence and jointly as a Cooper pair produces the condensation of Family.  This idea can be extended beyond individuals to Families, Communities, and Nations and to the whole Mankind and beyond.  Decoherence brings in self as center and eventually brings destruction and death.

"The crucial distinguishing feature of Bose-Einstein condensates is that the many parts that go to make up an ordered system not only behave as a whole, they become whole; their identities merge or overlap in such a way that they lose their individuality entirely. A good analogy would be the many voices of a choir, which merge to become 'one voice' at certain levels of harmony, or the plucking of the many strings of several violins to become 'the sound of violins'..."

Danah Zohar, The Quantum Self

Quantum coherence has been demonstrated in the brain indicating that consciousness is probably a direct consequence of this quantum coherence.

http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/New/Quantum_coherence/Quantum%20coherence.htm
There is strong evidence that memory storage is delocalized, at least over the whole brain, and hence is able to survive large brain lesions. This suggests that memory storage is holographic.  Perception is also holographic, so that the whole can be reconstructed from even a small part just as a small portion of the lens can produce a total image on the screen even though the intensity will be less.

11.5 Quantum Brain Dynamics

How does the brain maintain dynamical coherence? One idea is that there is a quantum coherent state underlying this, as has been articulately argued by Ian Marshall.  [Marshall,I.N."Consciousness and Bose-Einstein Condensates." New Ideas in Psychology, v.7, n.1 (1989) ] Even the idea of a Quantum Brain Dynamics (QBD) is being talked about.   See  "Quantum Brain Dynamics"  [L.M. Ricciardi and H.Umezawa, Kibernetik 4 , 44 (1967)] ;  The Emperor's New Mind (1989), and Shadows of the Mind (1994) Roger Penrose .
http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/quantum.html
http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/volume2-1/psyche-96-2-21-cybernetic-1-globus.html

The wholeness of the organism is based on a high degree of quantum coherence.  The brain's primary function may be the mediation of coherent coupling of all subsystems. Strong evidence exists that memory storage is delocalized, at least over the whole brain.  We can actually remove one lobe of the brain and the other lobe can take over all the functions of the other lobe of brain.  This exhibits a holographic memory system rather than localized storage. http://www.i-sis.org.uk/brainde.php

If quantum coherence is characteristic of the organism as conscious being, as a total personality,  we can construct  wave-function for every being. This wave function is ever evolving, entangling its environment, transforming and creating itself anew.  This dynamic creative process is an ongoing process. 

2Co 4:16  So we do not lose heart. Though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed every day.

Studies in the brain waves can give a hint of the  processes that are going on in the brain.
http://www.music.gla.ac.uk/HTMLFolder/Research/BrainMus/musicfrombrainwaves.htm

"The human brain produces a complex, multi-dimensional, pulsating, electromagnetic field resulting from the electrochemical behaviour of masses of neurons acting in small to very large groups" (Rosenboom, D. 1990. "Extended Musical Interface with the Human Nervous System." Leonardo, Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology. Monograph No.1.). The Electroencephalogram, EEG, is the mixed-frequency electrical signal produced by this activity, and is measured from electrodes placed on the scalp.

EEG's can be categorized into four main components:

1.  Long-term coherent waves;
          Long-term coherent waves are the well known alpha, beta, delta, and theta      rhythms, which range from approximately 1 to 30 Hertz. They are often    associated with certain states of consciousness, such as alertness and sleep
          short-term transient waves; and
          complex ongoing waves. 

2.  Short-term transient waves,
          These transient was are  event-related-potentials (ERP's), reflect the "singular           experience"  associated with an external stimulus. 

3.  Complex ongoing  waves.  This pattern is expected to be the result of the ongoing,       self-organization of information during ones experience of life.  Here the brain      adjusts itself in terms of its interaction with the rest of the world.

4.  Random noise  background;
          The random-seeming background, about which little is known, is the residue observed "after all known methods of waveform decomposition are exhausted."

There are other forms of  brain waves that can be used.  Magnetoenchephalogram (MEG),  measures the variations of the magnetic fields associated with the discharge of neural action potentials, and electrochemical activity within the brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), provide a mapping of the activation of individual cortical areas, and can contribute to the understanding of the spatial-temporal activity of the brain under certain conditions.  These wave studies are indicative of the deeper levels of human existence.

11.6  De-coherence and Death

Coherence occurs due to Boson like condensation, which is very similar to the resonance of sound when two sources of same wavelength overlap. Decoherence is originated in the interaction between the system and its environment. In other words an entanglement between the state of the quantum system and with a wavelength, which are different, or out of phase produces destructive interference in certain areas. In that sense death is the result of dissonance or decoherence.

If coherence produces consciousness it is logical to assume that de-coherence should mean death of consciousness.  Then the estimation of de-coherence time should give an estimate of life expectation.  Again we are simply talking about physical life and not really about life and soul and spirit.  In a system with large coherence the life will be very large while in a system with more de-coherence – the tendency to split and separate – is more will die soon. This is what caused the death and decay in the egoism of Angelic and Adamic fall. This death is a physical death without affecting the other dimensions also. We are not talking about the vegetable lifetime, but quality of living in human level or as Jesus put it of “Abundant Life”.  Death and decay are the result of de-coherence is basic to Genesis theology.  If we can associate death with de-coherence we can extend it to other dimensions of coherence  such as  families, communities , mankind as a whole and beyond.  Thus the life expectancy of a community is dependent on both the coherence of the brain and also of the system coherence of the community.  Civilizations lasted as long as the members of the civilizations remain in unison.  When selfishness caused individuals to assert their own interests over and above those of others, along with consequent immorality   it resulted in the destruction of that civilization.  The message of the Prophets throughout history was just that.

Flood at the time of Noah, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Giving of the land of Canaan to Israel, Captivity of Judah and Israel and the fall of all the empires of the world testify to this.  .

An obvious way of try to prevent decoherence from damaging quantum states should be by   reducing the strength of the coupling between the system and its environment. Nonetheless, it is never possible to reduce this coupling to zero and eliminate

Decoherence totally as long as there is a different wavelength between the two dimensions.  Hence we have two choices:

1. reduce the coupling as far as possible

1Jo 2:14  I write to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I write to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word of God abides in you, and you have overcome the evil one.

1Jo 2:15  Do not love the world or the things in the world. If any one loves the world, love for the Father is not in him.

1Jo 2:16  For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life, is not of the Father but is of the world.

1Jo 2:17  And the world passes away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever.


Rom 12:2
  Do not be conformed to this world but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that you may prove what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.

The best way to keep the Schrodinger’s cat alive is to decouple the mechanism of cynoid release from the cat’s cage.

2.  Change the environment so that the decoherence is minimized.

It may not be possible to change the whole environment, but it is possible to build a Church so that there will be coherence within the worshipping community.  Church is defined in that way.

Phi 1:27  Only let your manner of life be worthy of the gospel of Christ, so that whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that you stand firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel,

Phi 2:2  complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind.

Phi 2:3  Do nothing from selfishness or conceit, but in humility count others better than yourselves.

Phi 2:4  Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.

Phi 2:5  Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus …., 

1Co 12:13  For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body--Jews or Greeks, slaves or free--and all were made to drink of one Spirit.

1Co 12:14  For the body does not consist of one member but of many.

Eph 4:4  There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call,

Eph 4:5  one Lord, one faith, one baptism,

Eph 4:6  one God and Father of us all, who is above all and through all and in all.

Thus the whole church becomes an organism – the bride of Christ causing coherence to form phenomena far greater than any single person can do.

11.7     Coherence and Faith in Action

Apparently the purpose of the church itself seems to be the creation of this coherent force within the universe so that recreation can be achieved through it.  The power of the coherent focused consciousness of many persons joined together with person of Godhead (Holy spirit that resides in every believer) far surpasses every other power.  If the early church was able to perform signs, wonders and miracles it was because of this coherence. The power of coherence is clearly stated by Jesus in his faith teachings.

Mat 17:20  He said to them, "Because of your little faith.  For truly, I say to you, if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, 'Move from here to there,' and it will move; and nothing will be impossible to you."
This refers to the coherence within the person itself.  While self-coherence itself produces creative forces, it is enhanced by the collective coherence of several. 
Mat 18:19  Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven.

Mat 21:21  And Jesus answered them, "Truly, I say to you, if you have faith and never doubt, you will not only do what has been done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into the sea,' it will be done.

Mat 21:22  And whatever you ask in prayer, you will receive, if you have faith.

Extending this to a church and community of saints  the coherence releases unimaginable creative powers in consonance with that of God.  The purpose of the election of the church is essentially for this purpose whereby a recreation and redemption of the universe could take place.

All through the church history the church emphasized the corporeal worship and prayers as an essential part of its function.  Coherence is attained only through collective worship and prayers.  The function of the liturgies, which are often criticized as repetitive and redundant, is just this.  Even the aspect of mystery in the worship adds to this bosonic condensation process.

Because man is the image of God as a Sons of God power to create and destroy ate in the expressions of human consciousness.  Since there are several such sources they can cause coherence or de-coherence, cause immense creation or destruction.

Pro 16:1  The plans of the mind belong to man, but the answer of the tongue is from the LORD

Pro 18:21  Death and life are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its fruits.

Resonant coherence is the greatest creative power.

The fall of Jericho is one such fine example of the power of coherence.  It was not only the resonance of the trumpet sounds alone but also the coherent power of the mind that collapsed the impregnable walls of Jericho. 

Mat 18:19  Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven.

In order to recreate the cosmos God uses the coherence in the church.

2Ch 5:13  and it was the duty of the trumpeters and singers to make themselves heard in unison in praise and thanksgiving to the LORD), and when the song was raised, with trumpets and cymbals and other musical instruments, in praise to the LORD, "For he is good, for his steadfast love endures for ever," the house, the house of the LORD, was filled with a cloud,

2Ch 5:14  so that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud; for the glory of the LORD filled the house of God.

11.8  Church: The Worshipping Community as a Coherent System 

From the above analysis we can see that power lies in coherence.   Salvation through faith believing with the heart and confessing with the mouth is vigorously taught by the evangelicals.  In this we have the coherence between the heart and the mouth.

Rom 10:8  But what does it say? The word is near you, on your lips and in your heart (that is, the word of faith which we preach);

Rom 10:9  because, if you confess with your lips that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.

Rom 10:10  For man believes with his heart and so is justified, and he confesses with his lips and so is saved.

Thus the salvation is based on the concurrence and coherence  of heart and mind.  But that is only the beginning of the process.

The celebrated power of faith follows from this creative power of coherence of the whole person.

Mat 21:21  And Jesus answered them, "Truly, I say to you, if you have faith and never doubt, you will not only do what has been done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into the sea,' it will be done.

Mat 21:22  And whatever you ask in prayer, you will receive, if you have faith."

Notice the emphasis on “do not doubt” showing extreme coherence of total personality.  In fact we could define faith as that.

Mar 11:22  And Jesus answered them, "Have faith in God.

Mar 11:23  Truly, I say to you, whoever says to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into the sea,' and does not doubt in his heart, but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him.

Mar 11:24  Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours

If the coherence of a single person in his personality has that power, the scripture attributes much greater powers of creation to he coherence of two people.

Mat 18:19  Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven.

Mat 18:20  For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of them."

Notice that Jesus mentions “anything they ask” making the statement broad enough to include all that pertains to material realm.  The coherence of two is referred to by Peter for the power of husband and wife.

1Pe 3:7  Likewise you husbands, live considerately with your wives, bestowing honor on the woman as the weaker sex, since you are joint heirs of the grace of life, in order that your prayers may not be hindered.

In comparing Church as the body of Christ and also as the Bride of Christ, the implication is this coherence which gives the body the awesome power of creation with Christ.  But this comes in its fullest extend when the Church is in unison with the will of Christ.

In order to establish the unity and resonance, the institution of church uses various methods.   It is in this that the value of rituals and music and corporal worship and activites has any relevance.  The church becomes the organic unity through these modes.  It has been long  known that rituals bind families and people together even when those rituals has no specific significance.  Doing things together where minds and hearts are brought together creates this unity.

In fact all religion rely on these methods to produce coherence within its body and with the  god whom they worship. It is this that brings power within the religion.  Since man is created in the image of God this creative power is never taken away and it is being exercised both for good and for evil in every community religious or otherwise.

11.9  Consciousness and Anesthesiology

The understanding of Consciousness as a Quantum phenomena has much more practical application in medicine in the field of  Anesthesia.  In the medical scient two factos stand out.

1. consciousness is not directly observable nor measurable, and

2.  the mechanism of consciousness is unknown.

 The science of anaesthesia is an empirical science today.  The theoretical foundations are found in the century-old Meyer-Overton correlation  [ Eger EI et al (1996) Anesth Analg 84:915] and in the  recent work by Franks and Lieb  [Franks NP & Lieb WR (1982) Nature 300:487 ;  Franks NP & Lieb WR (1984) Nature 310:599-601]

It is proposed that anesthetic gas molecules act by weak, physical interactions in hydrophobic pockets of a class of brain proteins (e.g. receptors for GABAA, glycine, serotonin, acetylcholine etc. and perhaps other proteins). By so doing, anesthetics prevent functional protein conformational dynamics and consciousness. The interactions by which anesthetics exert their effects are assumed to be van der Waals London forces—quantum mechanical dipole couplings among electron clouds of atoms and molecules.

In highly polarizable hydrophobic pockets, these quantum dipole couplings occur between electron clouds of non-polar amino acid residues and anesthetic gas molecules. Other molecules also bind in the same pockets by London forces but do not cause anesthesia and in some cases are convulsant. So true anesthetics must act by specific London forces to prevent a process necessary for consciousness

Quantum theory describes the bizarre properties of matter and energy at near-atomic scales.
These properties include:

·        quantum coherence (individual particles yield identity to a collective, unifying wave function),

·        non-locality (spatially separated particle states are nonetheless connected, or “entangled”),

·        quantum superposition (particles exist in two or more states or locations simultaneously) and

·        “collapse of the wave function” (superpositioned particles reduce, or collapse to distinct, definite states or locations—a mechanism utilized in quantum computers).

These properties lend themselves to certain aspects of consciousness beyond protein conformational regulation:

·        Quantum coherence is connected to the unity of conscious “self”
[Marshall IN (1989) New Ideas in Psychology 7:73 ;
 Jibu, M. and Yasue, K. (1995) Quantum brain dynamics. John Benjamins, Amsterdam}

·        Non-local entanglement is associated with memory, and

·        Quantum superposition is related to multiple sub-conscious possibilities

·        And Quantum Collapsing is related  to distinct choices or perceptions
[Penrose R (1989) The Emperor's New Mind, Oxford Press, Oxford UK.
Stapp, H.P. (1993) Mind, matter and quantum mechanics. Berlin, Springer-Verlag
Penrose R. & Hameroff S. (1995) Journal of Consciousness Studies 2(2) 98
Hameroff S & Penrose R (1996) J Consciousness Studies 3(1):36.
Hameroff S (1998) Phil Trans Royal Society London (A) 356:1869]

and

·        Rapid “decoherence” (loss of quantum state) due to environmental thermal interactions
[Tegmark M (2000) Phys Rev E 61:4194
Seife C (2000) Science 287:791]

 

[Anesthesia, consciousness and quantum theory

Stuart R. Hameroff M.D.

Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychology

Associate Director, Center for Consciousness Studies

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff

How do anesthetics act?

{From Hameroff (1998) Toxicology Letters100/101:31]

 

A.  Schematized protein switching between two conformational states governed by van der Waals London force interactions in a hydrophobic pocket.

Top: Protein switching between 2 conformational states coupled to localization of paired electrons (London force) within a hydrophobic pocket.

Bottom: quantum superposition (simultaneous existence in two distinct states) of the electron pair and protein conformation.

B. Top: Schematic of anesthetic (A) in hydrophobic pocket retarding electron mobility thus preventing protein conformational change and quantum coherent superposition.

Bottom: Convulsant molecule (C) in hydrophobic pocket promotes electron mobility and protein dynamical switching.