HISTORICAL EVIDENCES. 

Historical Evidences from the writings of Early Church Fathers.

Everett Ferguson, Early Christians Speak: Faith and Life in the First Three Centuries; Revised Edition (Abilene: ACU Press, 1984) .

Irenaeus: For he came to save all by means of himself -- all, I say, who by him are born again to God -- infants, children, adolescents, young men, and old men. (Against Heresies II.22.4)

Hippolytus: And they shall baptize the little children first. And if they can answer for themselves, let them answer. But if they cannot, let their parents answer or someone from their family. And next they shall baptism the grown men; and last the women. (Apostolic Tradition 21.3-5)

Origen: I take this occasion to discuss something which our brothers often inquire about. Infants are baptized for the remission of sins. Of what kinds? Or when did they sin? But since "No one is exempt from stain," one removes the stain by the mystery of baptism. For this reason infants are baptized. For "Unless one is born of water and the Spirit he cannot enter the kingdom of heaven." (Homily on Luke 14:5).

[After quoting Psalm 51:5 and Job 14:4] These verses may be adduced when it is asked why, since the baptism of the church is given for the remission of sins, baptism according to the practice of the church is given even to infants; since indeed if there is in infants nothing which ought to pertain to forgiveness and mercy, the grace of baptism would be superfluous. (Homily on Leviticus 8:3).

[After quoting Leviticus 12:8 and Psalm 51:5] For this also the church had a tradition from the apostles, to give baptism even to infants. For they to whom the secrets of the divine mysteries were given knew that there is in all persons the natural stains of sin which must be washed away by the water and the Spirit. On account of these stains the body itself is called the body of sin. (Commentary on Romans 5:9)

Origen was born about 180 A.D. and he was baptized as an infant, Remember, this was eighty years or less after the death of the Apostle John. There are still earlier references which seem to speak of infant baptism, but there is no question in the case of Origen.*

Cyprian: In respect of the case of infants, which you say ought not to be baptized within the second or third day after birth, and that the law of ancient circumcision should be regarded, so that you think that one who is just born should not be baptized and sanctified within the eighth day, we all thought very differently in our council. For in this course which you thought was to be taken, no one agreed; but we all rather judge that the mercy and grace of God is not to be refused to any one born of man... Spiritual circumcision ought not to be hindered by carnal circumcision... we ought to shrink from hindering an infant, who, being lately born, has not sinned, except in that, being born after the flesh according to Adam, he has contracted the contagion of the ancient death at its earliest birth, who approaches the more easily on this very account to the reception of the forgiveness of sins - that to him are remitted, not his own sins, but the sins of another" (Letter 58 to Fidus).

Augustine: For from the infant newly born to the old man bent with age, as there is none shut out from baptism, so there is none who in baptism does not die to sin. (Enchiridion; ch. 43)

Justin Martyr: refers of women who became disciples from childhood- ek paidon- from infancy. 

 The Council of  Carthage in AD 253 discusses the problem of whether the children should be baptized before the traditional eighth day. 

Tertullian (160 - 215):The only opponent to Infant Baptism during the first three centuaries as far we know was Tertullian , bishop of Carthage, Africa. His objection was to the unfair ability laid on godparents when the children of pagans joined the church, However, his real opposition was more fundamental. It was his view that man will sin after the baptism and "it drives man out of the paradise of innocence" (De Anima 38:2). He embraced Montanism in 207. Their arguments are a proof that the Church baptized infants from the beginning. These men who were against it would have pointed out that infant baptism was not an Apostolic practice.

In all probability Infant Baptism was of Apostolic origin. 

The Witness of the Catacombs :Epitaphs of Children

"Early Christian inscriptions, which in the largest numbers come from the environs of Rome, furnish some instances of child and infant baptism for the third century . . . Nearly all the early Christian inscriptions are epitaphs. A considerable number of these are for the graves of children. The vast majority give no evidence whether the child was baptized or not . . . Actually the word "baptism" is seldom used. The idea is expressed by "received grace," "made a believer" or "neophyte" (newly planted " used to mean "newly baptized") -- from Everett Ferguson, Early Christians Speak: Faith and Life in the First Three Centuries; Revised Edition (Abilene: ACU Press, 1984) .Epitaphs from 200 AD are found in abundance. See also Issues, Etc. Journal - Spring 1997 - Vol. 2 No. 3 Infant Baptism in Early Church History by Dennis Kastens)

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  • "In that century there are attributes and symbols in tombstones inscriptions of little children which allows us to clearly infer we are dealing with baptized children. The following is as early as 200 or shortly thereafter:

    In the second last line is the phrase Dei Serv(u)s which means slave of God followed by the Chi Rho symbol for Christ. The last line is the Greek ichtheos familiar as the "fish symbol" - an anagram for Jesus Christ God’s Son Savior. These words and symbols mark the one-year, two months, and four-day-old child as a baptized Christian.

    From the Lateran Museum, also from the 200’s, is a Greek inscription that gives information about the religious status of the parents. It reads, "I, Zosimus, a believer from believers, lie here having lived 2 years, 1 month, 25 days."

  • In the Roman catacomb of Priscilla is reference to a private emergency baptism that was administered to the one-and-three-quarter-year-old Apronianus and enabled him to die as a believer. The inscription reads:

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  • Dedicated to the departed Florentius made this inscription for his worthy son Apronianus who lived one year and nine months and five days. As he was truly loved by his grandmother and she knew that his death was imminent, she asked the church that he might depart from, the world as a believer.
  • (ILCV I:1343, from the third century; edited by E. Diehl (second edition; Berlin, 1961))

    Postumius Eutenion, a believer, who obtained holy grace the day before his birthday at a very late hour and died. He lived six years and was buried on the fifth of Ides of July on the day of Jupiter on which he was born. His soul is with the saints in peace. Felicissimus, Eutheria, and Festa his grandmother to their worthy son Postumius. (ILCV I:1524, from the early fourth century)

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  • Sweet Tyche lived one year, ten months, fifteen days, Received [grace] on the eighth day before the Kalends. Gave up [her soul] on the same day. (Inscriptiones latinae christianae veteres, Vol. I number 1531)
  • Irene who lived with her parents ten months and six days received [grace] seven days before the Ides of April and gave up [her soul] on the Ides of April. (ILCV I:1532)

    To Proiecto, neophyte infant, who lived two years seven months. (ILCV I:1484)

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      Early Fathers and their documents confirm the Apostolic Tradition of Infant baptism.

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    DO NOT DROWN YOURSELF
    Baptize your Babies

    Rom 3:1 What advantage then hath the Jew (Christian)? or what profit is there of circumcision (baptism)?

    Rom 3:2 Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them were committed the oracles of God.

    Rom 3:3 For what if some did not believe? shall their unbelief make the faith of God without effect?

    Why did God insisted on circumcision and baptism also to be given to the children?
    Since the sign itself did not give any benefit in terms of salvation, it gave them the privilege of receiving the oracles of God. It gave them the privilege of beign brought up within a community where the Word of God was heard. It is the Word that eventually lead the hearers to salvation.

    Romans 10:14 How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?

    Children are expected to be brought up in the home. They are to be treated as part of the covenant community within the church and are required to live within the discipline of the community. Infant baptism and circumcision are just that. It gave them plenty of occasion to hear the word and be saved. Today, more and more children are growing as aliens to "churched homes" By the age of 18 they are "free" without ever being in the church or being part of any covenant fellowship.  Their parents did not baptize them as a statement of faith that they will be saved. They never joined the community of believers in the prayer of faith on behalf of the child "I renounce Evil and accept Christ". Confirmation worked well in a churched society. You had something to confirm then, but now what do we have to confirm?. Today, in the midst of emphasis on individual freedom and individual salvation, children are not baptized, they are totally free and are given only a remote random chance of hearing the gospel and so to receive salvation. Why should the children pray or read the word when they are not part of the covenant community?. In that thought pattern of the modern society, the children must be given every opportunity to study all religion without any bias. Recent rulings of the Supreme Court of United States of America declares that. We should not grumble when the world insist on that. Your children do not belong to your church or faith. They belong to the nation – of the worldly Kingdom. Dare to take that stand as a believer?

    "Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all, but is under tutors and governors, until the time appointed of the father. Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world: but when the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, to redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons" (Gal. 4:1-6).

    The child before receiving his power to act as independent person is still a heir but is being treated as a servant as under the Old Covenant of Law. When the fullness of time comes they will receive the full adoption.

    When a family bring the child to the baptism he is claiming in faith this covenant for the child.  You express your faith in doing it.  It is the visible action corresponding to the faith.  If a faith does not precede with corresponding action it is not true faith.  Even if it does not bring any good to the child, it is every parent's duty to baptize the child in faith.  Faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.  If you hope for the salvation of your children, bring them in that faith that they will be saved by grace.  It is a bold statement of the faith of the parents.  That is why Christian parents baptize their children at infancy.  They, we believe are partakers of the covenant and will come to inheritance.  It is an acted prayer of faith. Here the faith is followed by corresponding action.  This is the normal steps in receiving the blessings we ask for.  Have faith in God.  Ask in faith.  Believe and act as though you have already received it on the basis of the promise of Jesus.  It will come to pass.   But salvation of the child comes only by his/her faith.  Evidently there need not be a specific time for this.  It could be a continuous process of exercise especially for the children of Christian family.  We may dedicate our children and they can then take adult baptism when they are old enough  or we can give them baptism and they can claim the baptism as theirs as they grow up - a confirmation. 

    Obviously the symbol has no significance or effect unless the change has happened within. The symbol does not save. Baptism never saves. The question here is whether the salvation should be prior to the baptism or not. An insistence of the chronological order is what is in question.

    Insistence of chronological order of sin –repent- believe -forgiveness is filled with an inherent problem. Is the order sin –repent –sacrifice –forgiveness is a necessity? Notice that belief in Jesus’ atoning sacrifice is counted as the believer’s sacrifice. But sacrifice itself was done long long ago. If chronological order is insisted, Jesus’ sacrifice, which was done once in history long ago will be of no effect today. So if the sacrifice can be made before I sinned, baptism can be also given before I sin. Just as claiming the sacrifice of Jesus as my sacrifice alone will save me, claiming the baptism which my parents gave me as my baptism alone will lead to salvation. Thus the efficacy of infant baptism lie in my confirming by faith.

    An infant has not committed any sin. Infants do not need repentance. If they die on childbirth they, according to our Lord will be in the Kingdom, "for such is the Kingdom". Jesus was not speaking of infant like faith or anything like that. He took a real living child and set before the disciples and said "of such is the Kingdom"

    Matthew 18:3 And Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. Mat 18:2 And Jesus called a little child unto him, and set him in the midst of them,Mat 18:3 And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.Mat 18:4 Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven.Mat 18:5 And whoso shall receive one such little child in my name receiveth me.Mat 18:6 But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea. Mat 18:10 Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven.

    This event and descriptions are found in all the synoptic gospels and stands confirmed thrice.

    Children therefore are indeed already converted and need no further confession. The seal is to validate this.

    It is indeed surprising that people who hang on details on baptism verses miss this basic direct statement. Children are the pattern or the example to which every believer is to become before being given the symbol of baptism. If the children of the covenant community are not confirmed by such seal "it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of sea."

    This may sound an exaggeration. But may I assure you, Jesus was not joking. I have been closely associated with missionaries in many continents and have known them through at least three generations in many cases. Most of the missionaries came to the knowledge of salvation from within the traditional Christian homes. I have seen only a few – countable within one set of fingers – who came from outside Christian homes. In almost all cases they insisted on adult believer’s baptism and had not baptized their children in faith and bring them into the covenant community. As a result in 90% of the missionary families that I know off, over half the children are now unbaptized unbelievers.

    Hebrews 11:1 Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

    In baptizing our infants, the Christian parents are expressing their desire and their request is presented in concrete actions though the application of the covenant symbol in faith.

    1Jo 3:22 And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments, and do those things that are pleasing in his sight.

    1John 5:4 For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith.

    Unless we exercise this faith in action we will not receive.

    James 2:22 Seest thou how faith wrought with his works, and by works was faith made perfect?
    James 2:24 Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only.

    This was in fact observed by Billy Graham so that he says:

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  • "I have some difficulty in accepting the indiscriminate baptism of infants without a careful regard as to whether the parents have any intention of fulfilling the promise they make. But I do believe that something happens at the baptism of an infant, particularly if the parents are Christians and teach their children Christian Truths from childhood. We cannot fully understand the miracles of God, but I believe that a miracle can happen in these children so that they are regenerated, that is, made Christian, through infant baptism. If you want to call that baptismal regeneration, that’s all right with me" (Graham, interview with Wilfred Bockelman, associate editor of the Lutheran Standard, October 10, 1961).
  • This has generated a hue and cry in the Pentecostal world. The miracle of God, which takes place in the baptism of children, is based on the faith of the parents. If you believe in the power of prayer, infant baptism is the most powerful prayer parents can ever make. 1 Jn 5:14-15 14 This is the confidence we have in approaching God: that if we ask anything according to his will, he hears us. 15 And if we know that he hears us--whatever we ask--we know that we have what we asked of him.

    There is no magic in baptism itself (adult or infant), but there is mountain-moving realization in asking in faith. This is the sacramental grace. Bringing up the children as full participant within the household of faith is the means by which God brings it to pass. Children are partakers of the covenant along with the parents. Generations of Christian experience support this reality. It is most surprising that we who claim the power of faith and prayer, let this power wasted on our children.

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      A child has not committed any sin.  How can he be baptized for the remission of sin.  He should first commit sin, repent and then be baptized.  Is this a correct logic? If repentance and payment of sin were to be made precedent to the commitment of sin,  Jesus' sacrifice is not valid for our sins.  We were not even born when he died. 

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    Disciple Argument
    Believe and then Baptize vs. Baptize and then Believe

    One major argument against Infant baptism is that "Before a person can be baptized, he must be taught. " … A person must also believe before they are baptized. "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved" (Mark 16:16). It is a command of God that everybody must repent to obey God. "And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent" (Acts 17:30). We must confess Christ in order to be saved …Can an infant do any of these things? "( "Why Infant Baptism is wrong, at http://www.gmi.edu/~nass7606/infants.htm)

    Mark 16: 16 is not speaking chronologically. In other words, the text is not saying first believe and then be baptized. The verbs "believe" and "baptized" are participles. These are related to "shall be saved" as a process though not as a condition. Any Christian who has been baptized as an infant when he believe in Jesus Christ can confidently say, "I believe, and I have been baptized."

    The essential problem with this type of hermeneutics is the contention that baptism is a condition for salvation. I have shown in detail that this is not so. Most evangelicals will agree that baptism is not a condition of salvation. We have seen that baptism is a disciplining process, a sort of registering with a professor for further study . It is a sort of anunayanam by a teacher whereby the child is taken into the household of the teacher for further instructions till the child graduate. The teacher of course is the local visible church in the visible realm and the invisible organic church in the invisble realm. The text book is the Written Word of God as interpreted by the Holy Spirit. The instructor is the God Parents. In this view baptism of the infants is the initiation of the infant into the school of learning and the God Parents undertake to teach the child and discipline them into the knowledge of Jesus. This is exactly what the church has been doing through centuries. So we see a marked difference in the meaning of baptism which makes the practical difference between the paedo and credo groups.

     
    Salvation as Unconditional Gift and in Baptism we receive it for our children.

    Infants are not baptized because they believe. They are baptized because of the clear Word, command and promise of God.